19 Apr 2019

College Application Planning Schedule

17 Apr 2019

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15 Apr 2019

Respiration in Plants

Chapter 14 : Respiration in Plants

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Cellular Respiration

  • It is the process of oxidation / breakdown of food materials within the cell to release energy.  Respiratory substrate to be oxidised during respiration is usually glucose, but these can also be proteins, fats or organic acids. 
  • In plants respiration gas exchange occurs through stomata and lenticels.
  • Overall cellular respiration is:
    C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy (36 ATPs)
Types of respiration:

·         Aerobic respiration

·         Anaerobic  respiration

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Mechanism of respiration :

·         Glycolysis – it is common to both aerobic and anaerobic respiration

·         Citric acid cycle / Krebs cycle - Aerobic respiration in mitochondria

·         Electron transport system – in the inner membrane of mitochondria

·         Both aerobic and anaerobic respiration starts with Glycolysis.

·         In aerobic respiration Glycolysis is followed by Citric acid cycle and ETS (both occur in mitochondria).

·         In anaerobic respiration Glycolysis is followed by formation of ethyl alcohol / lactic acid in the cytoplasm.


Fermentation :

Incomplete oxidation of pyruvic  acid, under anaerobic respiration forms lactic acid/ ethyl alcohol.  It occurs in bacteria, yeast and striated muscles.

In yeast fermentation: 

o   Pyruvic acid → Ethanol + CO2

o   Enzymes involved − Pyruvic acid decarboxylase, Alcohol dehydrogenas.

  • Only 7% of energy of glucose is released during fermentation.
  • Yeasts poison themselves to death when alcohol concentration reaches about 13%.
In bacterial fermentation: 

o    Pyruvic acid → Lactic acid.

o    Enzyme involved − Lactate dehydrogenase.

o    While doing severe exercise similar reaction occurs in animal muscles in anaerobic conditions.

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Glycolysis :

  • It is the process of breaking down of glucose to pyruvic acid.
  • It was given by Embden, Meyerhof and Parnas
  • A chain of 10 reactions converts glucose into pyruvate.
  • Net ATPs produced = 4 (produced) − 2 (consumed) = 2 ATPs
  • The pyruvate, so produced, may undergo:
    • Lactic acid fermentation
    • Alcoholic fermentation
    • Aerobic respiration (Krebs cycle)
Aerobic Respiration

Citric acid cycle / Tricarboxylic acid cycle / Kreb’s cycle:

    • TCA cycle – it takes place in the mitochondrial matrix – it is the process of complete oxidation of pyruvate by stepwise removal of all hydrogen atoms, which leaves three molecules of CO2
    • Electron Transport Chain and Oxidative phosphorylation – it takes place in the inner membrane of the mitochondria – it is the process of synthesis of ATP fron NADH2 and FADH2.


Formation of Acetyl Coenzyme A 

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Krebs Cycle/ Tricarboxylic acid cycle / Citric acid cycle:

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Overall equation

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Electron Transport Chain (ETS)

  • NADH2 and FADH2 are oxidised to release the energy stored in them in the form of ATPs.
  • Electrons are passed from one carrier to another, and finally to oxygen, resulting in the formation of water.


  • Oxidation of 1 NADH produces 3 ATPs.
    Oxidation of 1 FADH2 produces 2 ATPs.

Oxidative Phosphorylation

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Respiratory Balance Sheet

  • Glucose + 6O2 + 36ADP + 36Pi → 6CO2 + 6H2O + 36ATP
Amphibolic Pathway:  Involved in both anabolism and catabolism



Respiratory Quotient (RQ)

  • It is the ratio of the volume of CO2 evolved to the volume of O2 consumed during respiration.
  • RQ = 1 (When carbohydrate is used as substrate)
C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy
                                


·         RQ is less than 1 for fats.

2 C51 H98 O6 +145 O2 - --> 102CO2 + 98H2O + Energy

                         RQ = 102 CO2
                               --------------     = 0.7
                                   145 O2

·         RQ is 0.9 for proteins.

·         RQ is more than 1 for organic acids.

·         RQ is infinite in case of anaerobic resp. because CO2 is evolved but O2 is not consumed

Nature's smallest factory: The Calvin cycle - Cathy Symington

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10 Apr 2019

Some factors to keep in mind for JEE exams

Some factors to keep in mind for JEE exams

Proper PlanningUsually, students study for about 1 or 2 years to prepare for IIT-JEE. So, planning plays an important role. A good planning strategy will keep you focused and result in better gains. Make a to-do list, set your goals, work out how much time is needed to achieve them, and allocate a realistic time frame. See if you are able to achieve them, if yes, set more ambitious goals next time, if not, analyse what went wrong and how you can improve. I am sure you would be able to crack the JEE in the coming years.

Time ManagementA very crucial issue facing JEE aspirants is the problem of time management. To manage this, it is imperative that students take stock of their daily schedules and them calculate how much time, they can devote to IIT JEE preparation if they strive very hard.  It is important to give proper importance to all the three subjects i.e. Physics, Chemistry and Mathematics. More that that is the need to be regular and consistently follow the proposed daily timetable.

Revise while you deviseRevision is the crux of JEE preparation. It is important to put the topics learnt to practice and this is where revision comes to the rescue. The more the practice, the more the perfection of the topic on hand. So while you prepare the unfinished syllabus, you also revise the topics that have been already learnt. For example, suppose that you are able to put in 4 hours of study everyday. You could possibly use 2 of those 4 hours for advancing along your (unfinished) syllabus and the other 2 for revising parts of what you have already covered up to that particular day.

Study from the right booksWhile the market and internet is flooded with a lot of books and course materials, it is vital that you choose books that guide and help you in your IIT JEE journey. Dont go by popular perceptions and buy all books. You will be left with too many books with no clue about which one to study from.  You must choose good study material and stick to it. Switching from one book to another will also harm your preparation. For IIT-JEE pre-planning is required with a good analytical skill set. So if you have this ambition in your class Vi or above, then you should focus on improving these skills and move to the subjects when you are in class IX onwards.


16 steps to crack IIT JEE are: 


  1. Plan a daily timetable which should have equal distribution of number of hours to each subject.
  2. While studying the subject, make sure to invest time in the theoritical part as well as on solving good questions keeping in mind the time constraints. Practise answering each question is a certain time frame so you get into the exam mode from day 1.
  3. Always start from BASICS because “without a base, there will be no altitude” and “journey of a thousand miles begins with a single step”.
  4. Always BUILD UP RIGHT & APPROPRIATE BASICS because “once the track of train changes, it will go on only that track”. So always select the right track and follow that consistently .
  5. Never check solutions of questions before attempting the question. SELF-ATTEMPT at least five times before you take a peek at the solution. Persevere till you get the right answer because “without falling you cannot stand at once”.
  6. Never leave the question in between. There are students who practice a question without attempting it as a whole. This is a very big fault of many students and it may become a negative point sometimes. So please avoid this practice and try to analyse the problem, attempt and if you fail then check the solution. Be truthful to yourself in these attempts as only you gain from it.
  7. Always try a question with a CONCEPTUAL APPROACH. Don't just read the question and then start answering it without getting to the bottom of what it is asking. Take a breath, think and answer. This will seem difficult at the start but once you make it a practice, it will become the norm for you.
  8. Your study schedule should be such that you get the time for a little relaxation and enjoyment daily.
  9. Having a time schedule is fine but REGULARITY in studies is the combination that will help you crack the exam.
  10. Adequate sleep or rest of at least 6-7 hours a day is mandatory if you are preparing for IIT-JEE otherwise your mindset for next day will not be conductive for further studies.
  11. Do not get into the habit of studying late into the night. Instead get up at 6 in the morning and sleep by 11 at night. This will keep your brain activity maximum in the morning and will help you when you actually attempt JEE.
  12. Never cram whatever you learn; always TRY TO UNDERSTAND and approach the problem by studying the theory conceptually.
  13. BE CONFIDENT while you are preparing. NEVER LOSE CONFIDENCE. Motivation is important all the way till you reach an IIT of your choice
  14. A peer group that matches your goals is the best company you could keep during your IIT JEE Preparation. Choose your friends wisely such that they are your strengths and help you be competitive and up to date as well as motivated .
  15. Always keep the copy of the latest syllabus of the exam. Keep the syllabus right in front and cross check before starting a new topic.
  16. Always study everything with a DEEP INTEREST otherwise it will be of NO USE.

While the above 16 steps to crack IIT JEE are preparation strategies, an equally important part is the exam strategy which then completes the IIT JEE dream. It is vital that you keep a cool head during the exam, follow the given steps and write the exam well. 

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